05 Linux应的用编程基础-1.ppt

* * Firstly, each process encapsulates an executable program, each having its own main() function as an entry point. Furthermore, each process has its own memory space, which is separate from the memory spaces of other processes running on the system. (This feat is accomplished through hardware called the Memory Management Unit, and will not be discussed here.) * * * * pstree命令: 列出 当前进程以及他们的树形结构. STAT : S Sleeping. Usually waiting for an event to occur, such as a signal or input to become available. R Running. Strictly speaking, “runnable,” that is, on the run queue either executing or about to run. D Uninterruptible Sleep (Waiting). Usually waiting for input or output to complete. T Stopped. Usually stopped by shell job control or the process is under the control of a debugger. Z Defunct or “zombie” process. N Low priority task, “nice.” W Paging. (Not for Linux kernel 2.6 onwards.) s Process is a session leader. + Process is in the foreground process group. l Process is multithreaded. High priority task * * 练习： we@we:~/test$ ps PID TTY TIME CMD 1898 pts/2 00:00:00 bash 2773 pts/2 00:00:00 ps we@we:~/test$ ls /proc/1898/cwd * * * * 子进程结束后，它与父进程的关系仍然维持，一直到父进程正常结束或调用exit()函数退出。在此之前，它仍然呆在任务表中，其退出码仍然等待父进程查询。倘若父进程异常退出，则子进程立即成为INIT（PID=1）的子进程，等待INIT将其从任务表中清除。 * * * 子进程结束后，它与父进程的关系仍然维持，一直到父进程正常结束或调用exit()函数退出。在此之前，它仍然呆在任务表中，其退出码仍然等待父进程查询。倘若父进程异常退出，则子进程立即成为INIT（PID=1）的子进程，等待INIT将其从任务表中清除。 Using fork to create processes can be very useful, but you must keep track of child processes. When a child process terminates, an association with its parent survives until the parent in turn either terminates normally or calls wait. The child process entry in the process table is therefore not freed up immediately. Although no longer active, the child process is still in the system because its exit code needs to be stored in case the parent subsequently calls wait. It becomes what is known as defunct, or a zombie process. If the parent then terminates abnormally,