[理学]材料科学导论英文前言.ppt

Chapter 1 Introduction Also, in some materials manufacturing processes, toxic substances are produced, and the ecological impact of their disposal must be considered. Many materials that we use are derived from resource that are nonrenewable-that is not capable of being regenerated. Chapter 1 Introduction These include polymers, for which the prime raw materials is oil, and some metals. These nonrenewable resource are gradually becoming depleted, which necessitate: (1) the discovery of additional reserves, (deplete-to lessen greatly in amount, contents) Chapter 1 Introduction (2) the development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact, and/or (3) increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling technologies. Chapter 1 Introduction As a consequence of the economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological factors, it is becoming increasingly important to consider the “cradle –to – grave” life cycle of materials relative to the overall manufacturing process. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.4 Classification of Materials Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure. Chapter 1 Introduction In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials-composites, semiconductors and biomaterials. METALS Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of nonlocated electrons: that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Chapter 1 Introduction Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visit light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Metals are quite strong, yet deforma