[研究生入学考试]英语语言学教程Chapter 2 PPT.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology. Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation (发音方法）; Place of articulation （发音部位）; The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / 窄式标音）; allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化） Questions for the students: Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system? Do you know the number of vowels and consonants in English? On Page 24: Speech Production →Speech Perception Speech Transmission (Sound Waves) Speech production and perception (P.24) In a conversation: Topic Speaker A Speaker B Speaker C A speaker can articulate the speech sounds. The speech sounds can be transmitted and received by the listener. 2.1 Speech Organs (P. 25-26) Speech Organs (Chinese version) The following organs are involved in speech production: Mouth, Trachea [tr?’ki:?], Throat, Nose, lungs （肺，气管，喉，鼻，口） International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) (p. 27-28) 1.2 The IPA In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888. Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter fo