外国社会学理论复习资料.docVIP

Ferdinand de Saussure 1857-1913 ◎Langue（语言）/Parole（誓言；vt.假释）, signifiant（[语]能指）/signifié ◇Cours de linguistique générale 1916 A sign is the basic unit of language (a given language at a given time). Every language is a complete system of signs. Parole (the speech of an individual) is an external manifestation of language. A linguistic system is a series of differences of sounds combined with a series of differences of ideas. The connection between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary. In language there are only differences, and no positive terms Mead,George Herbert.1863-1931 (←Simmel) ◎I/Me, self,mind, gestures, significant symbols,gerenalized other, child development:play stage/game stage * signifiant/signifié (Saussure)?linguistics, signe ◇Mind,Self and Society:From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist1934 *disciple:Morris,C.W.1901-79 ◇Foundation of the Theory of Signs 1938, Signs, Languages and Behavior 1946 Georg Simmel 1858-1918 precursor of urban sociology, symbolic interactionism and social network analysis ◎antipositivism/formale Soziologie/ Sociability/association Social geometry （Dyad and triad/ Distance） ◇über sociale Differnzierung1890, Die Grosst?dte und das Geistesleben, Dresden: Petermann 1903, Soziologie (inc. The Stranger, The Social Boundary, The Sociology of the Senses, The Sociology of Space, and On The Spatial Projections of Social Forms) 1908,Philosophie des Geldes 1910 ?Chicago School Max Weber Weber innovated the idea of a status group as a certain type of subculture. Status groups are based on things such as: race, ethnicity, religion, region, occupation, gender, sexual preference, etc. These groups live a certain lifestyle based on different values and norms. They are a culture within a culture, hence the label subculture. Weber also had the idea that people were motivated by their material and ideal interests, which include things such as preventing one from going to hell. Weber also explains that people use symbols t