思想史2.pptVIP

Lecture 2. Cosmopolitanism of Mediterranean Empire: Hellenic Social Thoughts Empire of Alexander the Great Ethos of Hellenic Time 世界的导师: 亚历山大帝国使希腊文明遍及世界，希腊民族实现了自己的文明任务，希腊人变成了世界的导师； 理论与实践的分离: 希腊科学中有机融合在一起的纯理论兴趣和实践兴趣在希腊化时代开始分道扬镳，实践兴趣更形重要； 伦理学转向: 政治生活丧失了城邦时代的力量和光荣，哲学转向为人生安顿和避难提供个人道德学说，发生由古典希腊精神向晚期希腊的伦理学的转折 Ethical transformation of Greek Spirit: Stoicism and Epitureer 希腊生活的理想世界分崩离析，民族的宗教淹没在日常生活的习俗中，被剥夺了独立性的和破碎的政治生活不再唤起忠诚与虔敬，孤立无助的心理随处弥漫，产生对人生哲学和个人生活智慧的强烈渴求，处世哲学成为哲学的基本的和核心的探求，并试图对抗东方的宗教成为乱世中人的安身立命的心智替代品。 Epicurus: Pursuit of Pleasure Epicurus, the founder of the philosophy that bears his name, advocated the pursuit of pleasure.? But in his definition of pleasure he intended something that had little in common with what we today so often identify as pleasure.? In keeping with the traditions of Greek philosophy in early Hellenistic times, he understood pleasure as attaining freedom from the pains and hurts of life through the practice of virtuous living. However, unlike Socrates, he did not feel that virtue was a good in itself, worthy of devotion because of its superior qualities.? He never looked deeply into the question of virtues great, even divine, qualities.? Rather he recommended focusing on living a virtuous life because it was able to produce pleasure--freedom from pain.?? Virtue was not the highest good.? It was merely the means to the highest good, which was pleasure Features of Stoicism Unlike Epicureanism, which quickly froze into a fixed dogma, Stoicism developed, and became more complex, comprehensive, and plausible. It forms a system of interconnected doctrines confirming and supporting each other. Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus never managed as much; and the Stoics successors in the history of philosophy have produced nothing more comprehensive and systematic. Stoa Zeno: Logos and Quietism Zeno’s interest was primarily ethical--in the manner of Socrates, whom he supposedly honored greatly in his teaching.? He, like Socrates, was quite confident of t