语言学术语50词.docVIP

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(7) 2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(1) 3. Phonetics(语音学) is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.(14) 4. Phonology(音位学) studies sound patterns of a specific language.(22) 5. Morphology(形态学) refers to the study of the internal structures of words, and the rules by which words are formed.(34) 6. Syntax(句法) is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(42) 7. Semantics (语义学) can be simply defined as the study of meaning.(67) 8. Pragmatics(语用学) A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It can be also regarded as a kind of meaning study.(84) 9. Sociolinguistics(社会语言学) – the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics.(3) 10. Psycholinguistics(心理语言学) relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication.(3) 11. prescriptive(规定)：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it said to be prescriptive. P3 12. descriptive(描写)： if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. P3 13. langue (语言，语言系统) ：langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community . p5 14. parole (话语): parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. P5 15. competence(语言能力)：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal us