生态学课件M教学幻灯片.pptVIP

M1 生活史;病毒变异;An organism’s life history is its lifetime pattern of growth and reproduction. The observed in the life history patterns of different species is vast. Some species live for hundreds or even thousands of years, some grow to vast sizes whilst other are minute. Some produce many, tiny offspring whilst others have few, relatively large offspring. How these differences evolve is a key question in ecology.;能量分配和 “权衡”;It is not possible for an organism to reach a large adult size shortly after birth, produce many large offspring and live to a great age. Energy allocated to one aspect of life history cannot be spent in another, so ‘trade-offs’ between different traits are inevitable.;r -选择和 к-选择;Two distinct life history strategies are described by г- and к-selection theory, which states that г- selected species are adapted to maximize the rate of increase of the population size, whilst к-selected species are adapted to be competitive. Thus, r-selected species have rapid development, small adults, many and small offspring and a short generation time. In contrast, к-selected species have slow development, large adult size, few, large offspring and long generation times. Although some species fit this theoretical dichotomy, many do not, and this theory is mow out-dated as better models have wider predictive powers. ;生 殖 价;The reproductive value (RVx) of an individual of age x is the number of offspring that individual is expected to produce in the immediate future plus those expected over its remaining lifespan. The reproductive value of an individual inevitably rises after birth and falls towards old age. The difference in reproductive values between individuals provides a powerful predictor of life history strategy.;生境分类;迁 移;乌龟的一家在迁移;Organisms may also avoid local harsh conditions by moving to another location. Migration is directional movement, such as the autumn flight of swallows from Europe to Africa. Dispersal, in contrast, is a nondirectional movemen