[医学]华中科大同济医院泌外2011毕业考试翻译.docVIP

总论： 名词解释：（每题5分） 低渗性缺水 失血性休克 多系统器官衰竭 急性蜂窝织炎 问答：（每题15分） 简述感染性休克的治疗 试述外科手术病人营养状况的判定方法 泌外： 名词解释：（每题5分） 急性肾功能衰竭 肾自截 压力性尿失禁 尿三杯试验 问答：（每题15分） 简述膀胱肿瘤的分期以及诊断方法 简述肾输尿管结石的手术治疗原则 翻译： Hematuria can be associated with multiple medical and surgical problems, ranging from minor incidental findings to urologic neoplasm. The finding of blood in the urine prompts the need for a more thorough evaluation. Blood in the urine can originate from any site along the urinary tract. Gross blood or clots in the urine generally prompt a patient to seek medical attention, and painless gross hematuria requires a complete urologic work-up: urinalysis, culture, cytology, upper tract imaging, and cystoscopy. Patients with gross hematuria have about five times the number of life-threatening conditions when compared with patients with microscopic hematuria. Evaluating microscopic hematuria is more controversial. Evaluations of microscopic hematuria have resulted in the discovery of significant disease in 3.4 to 56% of individuals and in the discovery of malignancy in 0 to 26% of individuals. These wide ranges reflect differences in age and sex of patient populations. Hematuria is a sign of potentially lifethreatening disease and deserves evaluation. Evaluation begins with a complete urologic history and physical examination. In addition, a serum creatinine should be drawn on those referred for hematuria. Frequency, urgency, dysuria, urethral discharge, and suprapubic or perineal pain suggests an inflammatory or infectious process. The clinician should look for a family history of stones, renal disease, or sickle cell anemia. Patients may give a history of recent trauma, vigorous exercise, sexual activity, or menstruation, suggesting a benign etiology. Glomerulonephritis is generally preceded by a recent upper respiratory tract infection associated with acute onset of hypertension and edema. Several medications may induce a chemical cystitis, papillary necrosis, or allergic nephritis and hematuria. A d