[其它]国外心理学史2课件12.pptVIP

History of Psychology Chapter 12 :Gestalt Psychology 1. The Whole is Different From the Sum of Its Parts A. The Gestalt revolution 1. in Germany 2. a protest against Wundtian psychology B. Criticisms of Wundt’s approach 1. against elementism 2. against the notion that perception of objects is a summation of elements The Whole is Different From the Sum of Its Parts 3. However, the whole is different from the sum of its parts C. Unlike behaviorism, Gestalt accepts the value of consciousness II. Antecedent Influences onGestalt Psychology A. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) The elements are organized meaningfully not through the mechanical process of association B. Franz Brentano (1838-1917) Psychology should study the act of experiencing. He considered Wundt’s introspection is artificial Antecedent Influences onGestalt Psychology C. Ernst Mach (1838-1917) 1. a physicist 2. discussed spatial and temporal patterns a. considered them to be sensations b. independent of their elements Antecedent Influences onGestalt Psychology D. von Ehrenfels (1859-1932) 1. Qualities of experience can not be explained as combination of elementary sensations 2. Perceptions based on something greater than a merging of individual sensations 3. Wertheimer considered von Ehrenfels work the crucial antecedent Antecedent Influences onGestalt Psychology E. William James 1. regarded elements of consciousness as artificial abstractions F. Phenomenology 1.an unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs, not analyzed or reduced to elements 2. involves na?ve experience Antecedent Influences onGestalt Psychology G. G. E. Müller’s lab at U. of G?ttingen 1. 1909-1915: a group of phenomenological psychologists worked at U. of G?ttingen. 2. anticipated to form the Gestalt school III. The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics A. Physicists beginning to think in terms of fields and organic wholes B. Gestalt psychology 1. K?hler: background in physics and studies with