[药学]Chapter_4_Pharmacokinetics_and_Pharmacodynamic_behaior_of_drugs_sl.pptVIP

1 Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics(药代动力学) and Pharmacodynamic (药效学) behaviour of drugs outline 4.1. Pharmacokinetics Introduction The pharmacokinetic phase (阶段) of drug action includes the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination (ADME) of the drug. Many of the factors that influence drug action apply to all aspects of the pharmacokinetic phase. Solubility, for example, is an important factor in the absorption, distribution and elimination of a drug. Furthermore, the rate of drug dissolution, that is, the rate at which a solid drug dissolves in the aqueous medium, controls its activity when a solid drug is administered by enteral肠的 routes as a solid or suspension. 它们可归纳为两大方面：一是药物在体内位置的变化，即药物的转运，如吸收、分布、排泄；二是药物的化学结构的改变，即药物的转化（又称生物转化），亦即狭义的代谢。由于转运和转化以致形成药物在体内量或浓度（血浆内、组织内）的变化，而且这一变化可随用药后的时间移行而发生动态变化。 Routes of administration Intravascular administration 血管内给药 Intravenous injection (IV bolus) 静脉注射 Intravenous infusion 静脉注入 Extravascular administration 血管外给药 Single oral dose Repeated oral doses Intravascular administration血管内给药 The main methods of intravascular administration are intravenous (IV) injection静脉注射 and infusion静脉注入. Intravascular administration places the drug directly in the patient’s circulatory system (循环系统), which bypasses (绕过) the body’s natural barriers to drug absorption. Once it enters the circulatory system the drug is rapidly distributed to most tissues since a dynamic equilibrium is speedily reached between the drug in the blood and the tissue. Intravenous injection (IV bolus) The administration of a drug by a rapid intravenous injection places the drug in the circulatory system where it is distributed to all the accessible body compartments and tissues. The one compartment(隔室) model of drug distribution (药物的分布一室模型) assumes that the administration and distribution of the drug in the plasma(血浆) and associated tissues is instantaneous. This does not happen in practice and is one of the possible sources of error