03级语用学05.pptVIP

PRAGMATICS 梁正宇 zhengyul@gliet.edu.cn 560 6550 Review Presupposition Definition of presupposition Presupposition vs. entailment Types of presupposition Usage of presuppositions Session 5 The Co-operation principle and implicature 1. Henry Paul Grice 2. Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) 2.1 the maxim of quality, 2.2 the maxim of quantity, 2.3 the maxim of relevance, 2.4 the maxim of clarity. 3. Conversational implicatures 1 Henry Paul Grice Who is Henry Paul Grice? Born in 1913. Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford; Professor of Philosophy in the University of California at Berkeley. What is Grice statements? He states (1975) that there must be a conversation logic guiding the conversers, or conversation participants must all abide by certain principles, although such principles are clearly covert or not written out but must have been mutually felt and respected. What is Grice hypothesis and principle? He put forward a cooperation hypothesis, which came to be known as the notorious Cooperative Principle (CP). 2 Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. There are 4 maxims in the CP: the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relevance, the maxim of manner (the maxim of clarity). 2.1 The maxim of quality In a dialogue, we all try to make our contribution one that is true or say things that are true. Two sub-maxims: We do not say what we believe to be false, and We do not say anything we lack adequate evidence. 真实原则：要说真话，不说假话和无根据的话。 2.2 The maxim of quantity In a dialogue, we all try to make our contribution as much as desired. Two submxims under the quantity maxim: Make our contribution sufficiently informative for the current purposes of the conversation. Do not make our contribution more informative than