28替代与省略.ppt

Lecture 28: Substitution and Ellipsis 1 Substitution 1.1 Definition Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There are three kinds of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution, and therefore there are three kinds of substitutes: nominal substitutes, verbal substitutes, and clausal substitutes. In addition, there are adverbial substitution and adverbial substitutes. 1.2 名词性替代 用名词性替代词one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。 1.2.1 名词性替代词 例1：The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book) 例2：His novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel) 1.2.2 某些不定代词 在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如： I dont want any more food. I’ve had enough. 1.2.3 one 和 ones是最常见的替代词 one的复数形式是ones.one 和ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词， 不可用来替代不可数名词。例如： 1）The gray horse is stronger than the black one. 2）The new design is much better than the old ones. 1.2.4 名词性物主代词mine，yours 名词性物主代词mine, yours等可用来代替my +名词，your +名词等，例如： “Whose is that coat?” “It’s mine.” 1.3 动词性替代 用动词替代词do，do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。 1.3.1 谓语的替代形式 do是谓语的替代形式，有时态和人称的变化。例如： 1）Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example. 2）John speaks German as fluently as Mary does. 1.3.2 由do，so等组成的复合替代形式 （1）“so +助动词+主语”。例如： “Mary will enter the university in September.” “So will Joan.” （2）“so +主语+助动词”。例如： “I’ve been to Beijing.” ”So you have.” 注：这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人，否则应像“so +助动词+主语”的结构一样，主谓要倒装。 （3）“主语+（助动词+）do + so”。例如： “Have you sent your plan to the committee?” “I did so yesterday.” （4）“主语+（助动词+）do + that”。例如： “Do you know who broke the television set?” “I heard John did that.” （5）“主语+（助动词+）do + it”。例如： “My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President.” ”I did it last week.” 注：如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时，则用“neither / nor +