Engineering Graphics [教程].ppt

Geometric Scale Introduction Define Scale - A concept used when a system is represented proportionally by another system of a different size. Who uses scales Engineers Architects Geographers Map users Or conversely: In real world the object is small But we want it to show up on a standard piece of paper But we want to put it on a small piece of paper In real world the object is large Why use a scale? Ways of representing scale Scale ratio Scale equation Graphical scale All scales compare- (PAPER SIZE) to (WORLD SIZE) Scale ratio - a dimensionless ratio 1: 50 or 1/50 means one unit on the paper represents 50 unit on the actual object. Other types of scale Scale ratio Scale equation Graphical scale Scale equation - an equation with specific units 1”=50’, means one inch on the paper equals 50 feet on the actual object. (1 cm=1 m, 1/8” = 1”, 1”=10 miles) Graphical scale – a pictorial icon showing scale relationship Choosing a scale Discipline standards Common usage Common sense Ratios – whole numbers best --- 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:50, 1:200, or 4:1, 10:1 not --- 1:13, 1:46, 1:183 or 62:1 never --- use 1:4.54, 1:62.3, 1:112.9 Equations – use discipline standards Engineering – 1”= 10’, 20’, 30’, 40’, 50’, 60’ (engineers scale) Architectural – 1/8”=1’, ?”=1’, ?”=1’, …. (architects scale) Common Usage Ratios English Units 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:10 2:1 etc. Metric Units 1:1 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50 1:100 2:1 etc. Conversions Ratio to Equation Given a ratio - 1:60 (means 1unit on paper is 60 units world) Find corresponding equation: Choose base units {inches for example} Now 1” = 60” (note that both numbers must start with the same units, inches=inches or feet=feet or mm=mm) Convert second number to desired unit {feet for example) 1” = 60”/(12”per ft) 1” = 60”/(12”/1’) 1” = (60/12)’ 1” = 5’ (1 inch = 5 feet) continued Conversions (Continued) If we wanted, inches = meters, it wouldn’t turn out so nicely. 1: 60 1” = 60” 1” = 60 in x 2.