太阳能电池特论1.ppt

Chapter I Introduction * Introduction: Solar Cell Efficiency 1. Absorption of light: enhances absorption 2. Transformation of light energy into electron energy: depends on band gap of materials (and light spectrum of the Sun). 3. Purity and perfection of crystal which does not lead to electron hole pair recombination. 4. Electron mobility of materials 5. Function of pn diode which can effectively collect the electrons either through diffusion or drift of electrons. 6. resistance of the outside circuitry Light Spectrum from the Sun Light Spectrum from the Sun Blackbody Radiation from Planck’s Law Solar Energy AM1.5 is the standard spectrum for measuring the efficiency of solar cells, which is a typical spectrum for moderate climates. The integral over this spectrum is 1.0 kW/m2. For one year, the total amount of energy incident on the ground is 1000 kWh/m2 in Germany. We speak of 1000 sun hours (with 1 kW/m2) per year. Averaged over the year, the mean energy in Germany is 115 W/m2, in Saudi Arabia is 285 W/m2. The average value over the entire earth is 230 W/m2. For AM0 spectrum, the average energy over the earth is 338 W/m2. Absorption Coefficient of Some Semiconductor Physical Means of Absorption Coefficient The inverse of the absorption coefficient is the thickness of the material where the light passing through the layer has been absorbed by 63%. For example, silicon has an α of 102 cm-1. Then, the inverse of α is 100 μm. That means that with a light passing through a silicon layer of 100 μm, 37% of light can penetrate through this layer. (Note: from Beer-Lambert’s Law, , , I=0.37Io ) Possible Routes to Increase Photon Flux Antireflection on Both Front and Back Surfaces Excitation of an Electron in Metal Excitation of an Electron in Valence Band to Conduction Band Splitting of Energy Levels Fermi Distribution Function Band Gap Loss of Excess Electron,Hole Kinetic Energy by Thermalisation Effect of Band gap on the Conversion Effi