[生物学]03抗原.pptVIP

第三章 抗原;1.掌握抗原的概念、性能; 2.掌握抗原决定簇、抗原结合价、共同抗原和交叉反应； 3.熟悉决定抗原免疫原性的条件（化学组成、分子量、化学结构、异物性）、抗原分类; 4.了解超抗原、丝裂原; ;一.抗原概念(Antigen,Ag) :; Antigen are defined as substances which induce an immune response.They include proteins、 carbohydrates and lipids. An antigen molecule may contain a number of the same or different antigenic determinants to which individual antibodies or cell responses are made. The smallest unit（antigenic determinant）to which an antibody can be made is about three to six amino acids and about five to six sugar residues。All large molecules are multidetermi- nant。Antibodies bind to conformational antigenic determinants（dependent on folding of the molecule）whilst T cell recognize linear amino acid sequences by their T cell receptor。 ; Molecules which can stimulate an immune response（“immunogens”） shoulld be distinguished from those which react with antibodies but cannot initiate an immune response（haptens or individual antigenic determinants） ; Any substance capable of inducing an immune response is called an immunogen and is said to be immunogenic. Some immunogens activate either the humoral or the cellular limb of the immune system exclusively, but most activate both. As a rule, immune responses are carried out only by those B-and T-cell clones whose surface immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor(TCR) proteins recognize the immunogen. Substances that are recognized by a particular immunoglobulin or TCR, and so can serve as the target of an immune response, are called antigens and are said to be antigenic. Thus, all immunogens are also antigens. ; The specific set of chemical features that is recognized by a given antibody or TCR is called an epitope (or, in older terminology, an antigenic determinant). In other words, an epitope is the specific site to whic