[自然科学]第二章孟德尔定律.ppt

Chapter 2 Mendel’s laws----the principle of segregation and  the principle of independent assortment 经8年研究，采用32个品种的豌豆，观察了7对性状； 发现了2个定律:分离定律和自由组合定律 2.1 分离定律 Mendel’ Experiments with a Single Trait--- 1对相对性状的杂交试验 What Questions was Mendel trying to answer? ----In Mendels day, questions about heredity----meaning inheritance, or the transmission of traits from parents to offspring----were primarily the concern of animal breeders and horticulturists. A trait 性状is any characteristic of an individual, ranging from overall height to the primary structure of a particular membrane protein. Mendel set out to address the most fundamental of all issues concerning heredity: What are the basic patterns in the transmission of traits from parents to offspring? 性状在亲子之间遗传的规律 At the time, two hypotheses had been formulated to answer this question. The first, called blending inheritance融合式遗传, claimed that the traits observed in a mother and father blend together to form the traits observed in their offspring. For example, blending inheritance contended that black sheep have hereditary determinants for black wool and that white sheep have hereditary determinants for white wool. When these individuals mate, their hereditary determinants blend to form a new hereditary determinant 双亲的遗传因子混合，形成子代的新的遗传因子 for gray wool--their offspring should be gray. The second hypothesis was called the inheritance of acquired characters获得性状遗传, which claimed that traits present in parents are modified, through use, and passed on to their offspring in the modified form. The classical prediction of this hypothesis is that adult giraffes acquire longer necks by straining to reach leaves high in the tops of trees and that they subsequently produce longer-necked offspring. The idea here is that the genetic determinants present in an individual are modified through use. But are they correct? What are the basic patterns of inheritance? Mendel was certainly n