1.3 减数分裂.pptVIP

Meiosis (减数分裂) In sexual reproduction, each new individual begins with the union of two gametes. If the gametes had the same chromosome number as the parents, the gamete would inherit twice as many chromosomes as each parent. A special division to reduce the chromosome number (to half the parental number) is required prior to fertilization. Meiosis Meiosis, the reductional division preceding fertilization, is actually two cell divisions with only a single round of DNA replication. DNA Replicates Meiosis is two division steps linked to produce (usually) 4 haploid daughter cells, each of which contains only one copy of each chromosome. Meiosis The two divisions are referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II; Meiosis I: sister chromatids move together to one pole of the cell. Meiosis II: sister chromatids separate (as in mitosis) to the two poles. Each division is divided into the 4 stages seen in mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). The stage name is followed by a Roman Numeral to indicate which division is being described. Meiosis I; 5 stages of Prophase I 1) Leptonema (leptotene stage, 细线期) 2) Zygonema (zygotene stage，偶线期) 3) Pachynema (pachytene stage，粗线期) 4) Diplonema (diplotene stage，双线期) 5) Diakinesis （终变期） Meiosis I; 5 stages of Prophase I 1) Leptonema（细线期） Thin threads of chromatin Tips associated with nuclear membrane Meiosis I; 5 stages of Prophase I 2) Zygonema（偶线期） Begins with “bouquet” arrangement pairing of homologous chromosomes Synapsis: synaptonemal complex （联会复合体） attaches homologous chromosomes along their entire length “bivalents（双价体）” are the associated chromosome pairs Recombination nodules are visible Meiosis I; 5 stages of Prophase I 3) Pachynema（粗线期）: Chromosomes (bivalents) shorten and thicken Recombination nodules are visible Meiosis I; 5 stages of Prophase I 4) Diplonema（双线期）: Continued chromosomal condensation Chromosomes start to separate, can be seen as paired chromosomes of two chromatids, cal