A grammar of space in Japanese推荐.pdfVIP

12 A grammar of space in Japanese Sotaro Kita 12.1 Introduction Japanese is spoken by roughly 110 million people, most of whom live in Japan. The earliest extensive texts in Japanese date back to the early eighth century. Its genetic affiliation is controversial (see Shibatani (1990) for the survey of various suggestions in the literature). The language consists of many dialect groups. In this chapter, we will focus on the dialect spoken in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Japanese expressions for three types of spatial information are discussed. One is location, namely, where an entity is located. The other is motion, in which an entity changes its locative relationship with another entity. The third is frames of reference, with which space is divided into regions with respect to a reference point so as to specify location and direction and trajectory of motion.1 12.2 Very brief grammatical overview of the language Japanese has a nominative-accusative case-marking pattern, and the canon- ical order among subject, direct object and indirect object is S-DO-IO-V. While rigidly verb final, various discourse factors lead to ‘scrambling’ of the constituent order among S, DO, IO, adjuncts and adverbials. Furthermore, when recoverable from the context, verb arguments are usually left unex- pressed in Japanese discourse. Derivational morphology of verbs is complex. Categories marked by productive verbal morphology include tense, aspect, pas- sive, causative, reciprocal, ‘can do X’, ‘want to do X’, ‘to do X too much’, epis- temic modality, negation and honorification. There is no participant marking on the verb, and grammatical relations are marked by postpositions on NPs. Adnominal modifiers, including relative clauses, come before their head noun. 1 An important way in which location is specified, namely spatial deixis, is not covered fully in