新增课文1EMS.docVIP

Energy Managemant System Survey of Architechtures The history of Energy Management Systems for the past 10 years has been a continual progress toward distributed systems. An EMS is easily divided along functional lines, a property that many suppliers and utilities have taken advantage of in distributing systems among several computers．The technique of using multiple identical computers to handle an EMS was acceptable as long as the load was evenly balanced between the distributed parts．The expansion that took place from 1980 to 1985，however, has been predominately in the network analysis area. This segment of the system so far outweighs the others that a balanced system approach is no longer feasible．The dual or “quad” minicomputer systems cannot support a modern EMS but remain an excellent approach for even very large supervisory control and data-acquisition (SCADA) systems and SCADA systems with generation control functions. Certain problems inherent in distributed systems are amplified in systems that combine diverse types of computers. The task of maintaining the system can be very difficult if each computer has a separate data base. Programming languages and techniques that are different also complicate the maintenance problem. The methods used by different suppliers to address the need for a distributed architecture and the problems associated with such an architecture are presented in the following sections. Conceptual Model of an EMS The information used to develop the model of an EMS presented here was taken from a study performed by Ferranti International Controls Corporation in 1983 and discussed in the August 1985 issue of IEEE Spectrum. Conceptually, an EMS consists of four parts： 1. Network analysis：state estimation, contingency selection and analysis，optimal load flow, voltage control, dispatchers load flow, and dispatcher training simulator. 2. Generation scheduling and control：automatic generation control，economic dispatch，and interchange scheduling