[理学]3材料导论第三章晶体结构.ppt

材料科学导论Introduction to Materials Science Fu maosheng Chapter 3 /Structures of metals ,ceramics and polymers Learning objectives Given the unit cell of a crystal, how do you determine the indices for the directions as well as the Miller indices for the planes? How can arrangement of atoms in crystal of metals ,ceramics and polymers be depicted？ 本章基本要求 教学目的：晶体结构是材料中原子、离子、分子的排列方式.本章从晶体结构层次上去认识材料本质,加深对材料结构与性能之间关系的理解。 主要内容：晶体与非晶体以及单晶和多晶基本概念.掌握晶向指数和晶面指数的确定方法.掌握金属晶体常见类型及其各自的几何特征.掌握陶瓷晶体结构与金属晶体主要区别,了解常见陶瓷晶体结构晶胞特征。掌握高分子链的近程、远程结构和聚集态结构,了解聚合物晶态结构模型. 重点与难点：重点：晶向指数和晶面指数的确定方法。金属晶体常见类型及其各自的几何特征。陶瓷晶体结构与金属晶体主要区别。高分子链的近程、远程结构和聚集态结构。难点：金属晶体、陶瓷与聚合物晶体结构的差异以及它们对材料性能的影响 课时安排： 11 主要讲述内容 晶体(Crystal)的定义 晶体是内部质点在三维空间成周期性重复排列的固体，即晶体是具有格子构造的固体。 anisotropy各向异性 and isotropy 晶体的其它特征： 1) 自范性:晶体具有自发地形成封闭的凸几何多面体外形能力的性质,又称为自限性. 2) 均一性:指晶体在任一部位上都具有相同性质的特征. 3) 对称性:指晶体的物理化学性质能够在不同方向或位置上有规律地出现,也称周期性. 4) 最小内能和最大稳定性 Single crystal and polycrystaline P62 A single crystal is such crystal in which the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption. All unit cells interlock in the same way and have the same orientation. Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of many small crystals or grains, such materials are termed polycrystalline. For many polycrystalline materials, the crystallographic orientations of the individual grains are totally random. So, even though each grain may be anisotropic, a specimen composed of the grain aggregate behaves isotrophically. Sometimes the grains in polycrystalline materials have a preferential crystallographic orientation, in which case the material is said to have a “texture”. ★ 晶体结构与空间点阵的区别 晶胞的选取 选取单位平行六面体的三原则 1、首要条件是能反映空间点阵的宏观对称特征； 2、在满足（1）条件下平行六面体的直角尽量多； 3、在满足 （ 1 ）、（2）条件下尽量选取平行六面体的体积最小。 3.1.6 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTIONS AND PLANES 晶向和晶面 3.1.6.1 Crystallographic-direction 晶向 Definition: A crystallographic direction is defined as a line between two poi