语言学要点复习.docVIP

Chapter 1 Linguistics: It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Synchronic: The study of a language at some point in time. Diachronic: The study of a language as it changes through time. Competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance: performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Arbitrariness:It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Productivity: (多产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. Cultural transmission: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Chapter 2 phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meanin