厦门大学海洋科学导论课件水文部分lect20-1231.pptVIP

Review 大气的垂直结构 (based on temperature variations) Troposphere对流层 (weather zone) Stratosphere平流层 Mesosphere中层 Thermosphere 热成层 Exosphere 逸散层 Variables: Temperature（不同温标之间的换算）, Pressure, Humidity, Wind（风向的表示） El Nino and La Nina The mechanism 海洋中的光现象（Underwater Light) Electromagnetic spectrum(电磁波) Light Transmission in Seawater 60% of light entering the ocean is absorbed within the first meter and converted into heat. Only 1% of light entering the ocean reaches 150m.No light penetrates below 1000m. Water displays the selective absorption of light with long wavelengths absorbed first and short wavelengths absorbed last. Red absorbed in top 10 m Yellow to 100m Blue and green to 250m In the open ocean, blue light penetrates the deepest. In turbid coastal waters light rarely penetrates deeper than 20m. and the water appears yellow to green because particles reflect these wavelengths. Color in the Ocean Color appears because it is reflected; not absorbed Unproductive water carries little or no algae or yellow substances \ blue (desert color) What happens to light in the Ocean? The intensity decreases exponentially This drop is caused by Attenuation(衰减) Two types: Absorption(吸收) Scattering(散射) Absorption: Involves the conversion of electromagnetic energy into other forms such as heat or chemical energy (photosynthesis光合作用) Scattering: Changes in the direction of the electromagnetic energy as a result of multiple reflections from suspended particles. Absorption and Scattering Absorption: ( Energy conversion) Phytoplankton (photosynthesis) light is an energy source Scattering: (Reflection from suspended particles) In short, the greater the turbidity, the greater the degree of scattering. Measuring Devices Secchi Disk(透明度盘) Simple, easy, cheap means of assessing water clarity Beam Transmissometer Own light source and receiver; directional light Measures Clarity ．．． 声波在海洋中的传播Underwater sound 1 声速（Speed of Sound） Compression or pressure wave Sound Velocity