石油工程生产工程.pptVIP

(2) Acid treatment [3/4] Another type of treatment -- interstitial（孔隙的）, or matrix（岩基）, acidizing -- also results in production increases. Interstitial acidizing consists of treating at a rate and pressure low enough to avoid fracturing the formation. This technique is usually used (a) when formation damage is present or (b) where a water zone or gas cap is nearby and fracturing might result in high water or excessive gas production. (2) Acid treatment [4/4] Additives （添加物）are used with oil-field acid for many reasons, but the most important is to prevent or delay corrosion -that is, to inhibit（禁止） the acid from attacking the tubing or casing in the well（腐蝕管串）. A surfactant（表面活化劑）, or surface active agent, is another type of additive. It is mixed in small amounts with an acid to make it easier to pump the mixture into the rock formation and to prevent spent acid and oil from forming emulsions. Other types of additives are sequestering agents（隔離劑） and suspending agents（懸浮液）. (3) Hydraulic fracturing 液裂 Since hydraulic fracturing does for sandstone reservoirs what acid treatment does for limestone or dolomite reservoirs, thus type of stimulation may result in commercial in an area where it was not feasible before. Essentially, this consists of applying hydraulic pressure against the formation by pumping fluid into the well. This pressure actually splits the rocks. * (3) Hydraulic fracturing [2/5] Hydraulic fracturing is used to accomplish four basic jobs: (a) create penetrating reservoir fractures to improve the productivity of a well. （製造裂縫，增進產能） (b) improve the ultimate recovery from a well by extending the flow channels farther into the formations. （延長流通孔道） (c) aid in secondary-recovery operations （協助進行二級採收） (d) increase the rate of injection of brine and industrial waste material into disposal wells. （增進注水率） (3)