[高等教育]统计学CH02.pptVIP

Chapter 2Descriptive Statistics:Tabular and Graphical Methods Summarizing Qualitative Data（品质数据汇总） Summarizing Quantitative Data（数量数据汇总） Exploratory Data Analysis （探索性数据分析） Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams （交叉表和散点图） Summarizing Qualitative Data Frequency Distribution （频数分布） Relative Frequency （相对频数分布） Percent Frequency Distribution （百分数频数分布） Bar Graph （条形图） Pie Chart （饼形图） Frequency Distribution A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of items in each of several nonoverlapping classes. The objective is to provide insights about the data that cannot be quickly obtained by looking only at the original data. Example: Marada Inn Guests staying at Marada Inn were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being excellent, above average, average, below average, or poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests are shown below. Below Average Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Below Average Below Average Average Poor Poor Above Average Excellent Above Average Average Above Average Average Above Average Average Frequency Distribution Rating Frequency Poor 2 Below Average 3 Average 5 Above Average 9 Excellent 1 Total 20 Example: Marada Inn Notes and Comments Often the number of classes in a frequency dis- tribution is the same as the number of categories found in the data. Most statisticians recommend that classes with smaller frequencies be grouped into an aggregate class called 搊ther? Classes with frequencies of 5 percent or less would most often be treated in this fashion. Relative Frequency Distribution The relative frequency of a class is the fraction or proportion of the total number of