概率统计第0章.pptVIP

* * Prof. Xiaorong GAN Faculty of Mathematics, Kunming University of Science Technology 0.1 Sets A set is any well-defined collection of distinct objects. Some special sets are denoted by symbols. For example, R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z denotes the set of all integers while Z+ denotes the set of all positive integers. The objects in a set are called the elements or members of the set. We write to denote the fact that the fact that the object x is an elements of the set S. If x is not a member of S then we write 1 0.2 Describing a Set (i) Listing the elements of a set : we denote the set by enclosing all its elements in a list within curly brackets. e.g. is the statements that S is the set whose four elements are 1,3,5 and 7. (ii) The conditional definition of a set : a set may be described by specifying some condition which determines whether or not an object is an element of the set. e.g. means that S is the set of 2 all integers n which satisfy (ii) The conditional definition of a set : a set may be described by specifying some condition which determines whether or not an object is an element of the set. e.g. means that S is the set of We could have described this particular set by listing the elements. (iii) The constructive definition of a set: formula for constructing the elements of the set. i.e. here we give a is the set of integer squares which e.g. 3 may be listed as (iii) The constructive definition of a set: formula for constructing the elements of the set. here we give a is the set of integer squares which e.g. A set S is said to be finite if it contains only finitely many different members; otherwise it is said to be an infinite set. If S is a finite set then the number of different objects in S is called the order (or cardinality) of S and is denoted by 4 0.3 Equality of sets D is an element of C. Two sets are said to be equal if they have precisely the same elements. i.e. C=D Means if and only if (iff) To show t