[农学]生物化学上册 第二章双语课件.ppt

Chapter 2. Carbohydrates I. Introduction Existence Functions (功能) Definition (定义) Classification (分类) Characteristic chemical features (化学通性) 1. Existence The most abundant class of organic molecules found in nature Widely distributed in plants and animals Originated from photosynthesis Basic composition: C, H, O (N, P, S) Empirical formula: (CH2O)n Constituting a versatile class of molecules Mono-/oligo-/polysaccharides (单糖/寡糖/多糖) Derivatives (衍生物) Glycoconjugates (复合糖) 2. Function Storage of energy (能量贮存) Structural elements (结构成分) Precursors (前体)/intermediates (中间物) of other biomolecules Cell recognition (细胞识别) 3. Definition 4. Classification 5. Characteristic chemical features (化学通性) Existence of one or more asymmetric centers (不对称中心) Ability to exist either in linear or ring structures (线状或环状结构) Capacity to form polymeric structures via glycosidic bonds (糖苷键连接) Potential to form multiple hydrogen bonds with water or other molecules (形成氢键的能力) II. Monosaccharides Two families: aldoses ketoses (醛糖和酮糖) Stereochemistry (立体化学) Structures: linear cyclic (线状和环状结构) Properties: physical chemical (物理和化学性质) *optical activity and chirality (光活性和手性) Important monosaccharides and their derivatives (重要的单糖及其衍生物) 1. Two families: Aldoses ketoses 2. Stereochemistry Plane-polarized light (平面偏振光 ) Optical activity (旋光性) Chirality (手性) Fischer projections (Fischer投影式) (2) Optical activity (旋光性) (3) Chirality (手性) Compounds without chiral centers do not normally show optical acitivity. (没有手性中心的物质没有旋光性) Compounds with one chiral center will show optical activity. (有一个手性中心的物质有旋光性) Compounds with more than one chiral center may or may not show optical activity depending on whether or not they are non-superimposable on their mirror image (chiral) or superimposable (achiral). (有一个以上手性中心的物质不一定有旋光性) Chiral center（手性中心） Chiral molecule（手性分子） Asymmetric center（不对称中心） n chiral centers ? 2n maximum stereoisomers (4) Fischer projections (Fischer投影式) Aldoses (醛糖) Ketoses (酮糖) Two systems o