义守大学93学研究所硕士班入学考试试题.docVIP

※選擇題為單選 Read the following articles and answer the questions Questions 1-3: (15 points, 5 points for each) The development of thermodynamics begins with Otto von Guericke who in 1650 built and designed the worlds first vacuum pump and created the worlds first ever vacuum. He was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotles long-held supposition that nature abhors a vacuum. Shortly thereafter, Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guerickes designs and in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump. Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyles Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyles named Denis Papin built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated. Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papins designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time. One such scientist was Sadi Carnot, the father of thermodynamics, who in 1824 published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency. The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and Motive power. This marks the start of thermodynamics as a modern science. The term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1858 to designate the science of relations between heat and power. By 1849, thermo-dynamics, as a functional term, was used in William Thom