非谓语动词-不定式的用法.doc

非谓语动词—不定式的用法 1.不定式做主语 不定式具有名词的特征，可在句中充当主语。 a. 不定式短语在句首做主语：例如： To say is one thing, to do is another . b. 用it做形式主语：例如： It is difficult to get so much money in such a short time. 动名词doing 也可以做主语，但和不定式做主语主要有如下两个方面的区别： 1．动名词做主语泛指意义较强；而不定式结构做主语多指具体的一次性动作。例如： Reading novels is an enjoyment. To read this novel is an enjoyment. 2．若叙述已经发生的事情多用动名词做主语；而叙述未发生的事情多用不定式做主语。例如： Hosting the Olympics in 2000 has made Sydney better-known in the world.. To host the Olympics in 2008 will make Beijing better-known in the world. 需要注意的是有些时候不强调上面的区别，而强调表达前后的一致性，这在做题时需要灵活掌握和运用。 例如：眼见为实有两种表达方式，在含义上没有什么区别，只需注意前后的一致性。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 2.不定式做状语 ? 不定式做状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。 目的状语： “为了…” I’m saving up to buy a computer. To buy a computer, I’m saving up. 另外，in order to 和 so as to 也可以表示目的状语。只是so as to 不可以用于句首。 如果使用否定式，则not一律放在to的前面。 例如： I wrote down his phone number in order not to /so as not to forget it. 结果状语： He rushed to the airport only to find the plane had taken off. He opened his eyes only to find the world around him changed. We waited three hours only to be told to come again the next day. He lifted a stone only to have it dropped on his own feet. 以上四个例句都是only to do 做结果状语，表示吃惊或失望。 例如: so …as to do He got up so early as to catch the first bus. such … as to do He was such a bright boy as to work out the problem. too … to do He was too tired to walk any farther. enough to do She isn’t old enough to walk to school by herself. 3.不定式做宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but 和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 做动词的宾语： He likes to play basketball. I never thought to meet you here. I don’t know what to do next. 做介词的宾语： We have no other choice but to wait. 本用法有见do省to之说。即：but之前有实义动词do则省略but之后的不定式符号to 例如： There is nothing to do but wait patiently. We did nothing but wait patiently. 做形容词的宾语： The water is not fit to drink. The problem is easy to solve. 4.不定式做宾语补足语 ?下面这些例句都是动词不定式做宾语补足语的例子，大家其实都会用，只是在语法概念上没对上号而已（例句中有动词不定式符号to省略的现象。） We considered him (to be) a good teacher.