高等数学英文版课件PPT 03 The mean value theorem and curve sketching.pptVIP

3.3 MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST In sketching the graph of a function it is very useful to know where it rises and where it falls. The graph shown in Figure1 rises from A to B, falls from B to C, and rises again from C to D. TEST FOR MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS Suppose f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a,b).(a) If f(x) 0 for all x in (a,b), then f is increasing on [a, b].(b) If f(x) 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b]. PROOF (a) Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in [a, b] with x1x2 . Then f is continuous on [x1, x2] and differentiable on (x1, x2), so by the Mean Value Theorem there is a number c between x1 and x2 such that (2) Now f (c) 0 by assumption and x2 -x1 0 because x1x2 . Thus the right side of Equation 2 is positive, and so This shows that f is increasing on [a,b]. It is similar to prove (b). Example 3 Find the local and absolute extreme values of the function f(x)= x3(x -2)2, -1 3. Sketch its graph. f(6/5)=1.20592 is a local maximum; f(2)=0 is a local minimum; absolute maximum value is f(3)=27; absolute minimum value is f(-1)=-9. The sketched in Figure 6. 3.4 CONCAVITY AND POINTS OF INFLECTION (1) DEFINITION If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then it is called concave upward on I. If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on f , it is called concave downward on I. THE TEST FOR CONCAVITY Suppose f is twice differentiable on an interval I.(a) If f (x) 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave  upward on I.(b) If f(x) 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave  downward on I. Proof of (a) First let us take the case where x a. Applying the Mean Value Theorem to f on the interval [a,.x], we get a number c, with a c x, such that (2) f (x) - f(a) == f’ (c) (x - a) Since f 0 on f we know from the Test for Monotonic Functions that f is increasing on I. Thus, since a