《操作系统概念Operating System Concepts》原配课件PPT-ch04 Threads.pptVIP

Chapter 4: Threads Chapter 4: Threads Overview Multithreading Models Threading Issues Pthreads Windows XP Threads Linux Threads Java Threads Single and Multithreaded Processes Benefits Responsiveness Resource Sharing Economy Utilization of MP Architectures User Threads Thread management done by user-level threads library Three primary thread libraries: POSIX Pthreads Win32 threads Java threads Kernel Threads Supported by the Kernel Examples Windows XP/2000 Solaris Linux Tru64 UNIX Mac OS X Multithreading Models Many-to-One One-to-One Many-to-Many Many-to-One Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread Examples: Solaris Green Threads GNU Portable Threads Many-to-One Model One-to-One Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread Examples Windows NT/XP/2000 Linux Solaris 9 and later One-to-one Model Many-to-Many Model Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads Solaris prior to version 9 Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package Many-to-Many Model Two-level Model Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread Examples IRIX HP-UX Tru64 UNIX Solaris 8 and earlier Two-level Model Threading Issues Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls Thread cancellation Signal handling Thread pools Thread specific data Scheduler activations Semantics of fork() and exec() Does fork() duplicate only the calling thread or all threads? Thread Cancellation Terminating a thread before it has finished Two general approaches: Asynchronous cancellation terminates the target thread immediately Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to periodically check if it should be cancelled Signal Handling Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that a particular event has occurred A signal handler is used to process signals Signal is generated by particular event Signal is delivered to a process Signal is handled Options: