《操作系统概念Operating System Concepts》原配课件PPT-ch09 Virtual Memory.pptVIP

Chapter 9: Virtual Memory Chapter 9: Virtual Memory Background Demand Paging Copy-on-Write Page Replacement Allocation of Frames Thrashing Memory-Mapped Files Allocating Kernel Memory Other Considerations Operating-System Examples Objectives To describe the benefits of a virtual memory system To explain the concepts of demand paging, replacement algorithms, and allocation of page frames To discuss the principle of the working-set model Background Virtual memory – separation of user logical memory from physical memory. Only part of the program needs to be in memory for execution Logical address space can therefore be much larger than physical address space Allows address spaces to be shared by several processes Allows for more efficient process creation Virtual memory can be implemented via: Demand paging Demand segmentation Virtual Memory That is Larger Than Physical Memory Virtual-address Space Shared Library Using Virtual Memory Demand Paging Bring a page into memory only when it is needed Less I/O needed Less memory needed Faster response More users Page is needed ? reference to it invalid reference ? abort not-in-memory ? bring to memory Lazy swapper – never swaps a page into memory unless page will be needed Swapper that deals with pages is a pager Transfer of a Paged Memory to Contiguous Disk Space Valid-Invalid Bit With each page table entry a valid–invalid bit is associated(v ? in-memory, i ? not-in-memory) Initially valid–invalid bit is set to i on all entries Example of a page table snapshot: During address translation, if valid–invalid bit in page table entry is I ? page fault Page Table When Some Pages Are Not in Main Memory Page Fault If there is a reference to a page, first reference to that page will trap to operating system: page fault Operating system looks at another table (eg. can be in PCB)to decide: Invalid reference ? abort Just not in memory Get empty frame Swap page into frame Reset tables Set va