《操作系统概念Operating System Concepts》原配课件PPT-ch18 Distributed Coordination.pptVIP

Chapter 18: Distributed Coordination Chapter 18 Distributed Coordination Event Ordering Mutual Exclusion Atomicity Concurrency Control Deadlock Handling Election Algorithms Reaching Agreement Chapter Objectives To describe various methods for achieving mutual exclusion in a distributed system To explain how atomic transactions can be implemented in a distributed system To show how some of the concurrency-control schemes discussed in Chapter 6 can be modified for use in a distributed environment To present schemes for handling deadlock prevention, deadlock avoidance, and deadlock detection in a distributed system Event Ordering Happened-before relation (denoted by ?) If A and B are events in the same process, and A was executed before B, then A ? B If A is the event of sending a message by one process and B is the event of receiving that message by another process, then A ? B If A ? B and B ? C then A ? C Relative Time for Three Concurrent Processes Implementation of ? Associate a timestamp with each system event Require that for every pair of events A and B, if A ? B, then the timestamp of A is less than the timestamp of B Within each process Pi a logical clock, LCi is associated The logical clock can be implemented as a simple counter that is incremented between any two successive events executed within a process Logical clock is monotonically increasing A process advances its logical clock when it receives a message whose timestamp is greater than the current value of its logical clock If the timestamps of two events A and B are the same, then the events are concurrent We may use the process identity numbers to break ties and to create a total ordering Distributed Mutual Exclusion (DME) Assumptions The system consists of n processes; each process Pi resides at a different processor Each process has a critical section that requires mutual exclusion Requirement If Pi is executing in its critical section, then no other process Pj is executing in its critical