原子数按中心频率的分布.ppt

3.3 谱线加宽和线型函数 基本概念 均匀加宽 自然加宽 碰撞加宽 晶格振动加宽 非均匀加宽 多普勒加宽 晶格缺陷加宽 由于各种因素的影响，自发辐射并不是单色的，即光谱不是单一频率的光波，而包含有一个频率范围，称为谱线加宽。 P(?)是描述自发辐射功率按频率分布的函数。在总功率P中，分布在?~?+d?范围内的光功率为P(?)d? ，数学表示为 引入谱线的线型函数 满足归一化条件 线型函数在?=?0时有最大值，并在 时下降到最大值的一半，即 按上式定义的??称为谱线宽度。 Lineshape function If one performs a spectral analysis of the radiation emitted by spontaneous 2?1 transitions, one finds that the radiation is not strictly monochromatic (that is, of one frequency) but occupies a finite frequency bandwidth. The function describing the distribution of emitted intensity versus the frequency ? is referred to as the lineshape function (of the transition 2?1) and its arbitrary scale factor is usually chosen so that the function is normalized according to We can consequently view as the a priori probability that a given spontaneous emission from level 2 to level 1 will result in a photon whose frequency is between ? and ?+d?. The separation ?? between the two frequencies at which the lineshape function is down to half its peak value is referred to as the linewidth. Another method of determining is to apply an electromagnetic field to the sample containing the atoms and then plot the amount of energy absorbed by 1?2 transitions as a function of the frequency. This function is again . The fact that both the emission and the absorption are described by the same lineshape function can be verified experimentally, follows from basic quantum mechanical considerations. 加宽机制之一——均匀加宽  homogeneous broadening 如果引起加宽的物理因素对每个原子都是等同的，则这种加宽称作均匀加宽。 每个原子都以整个线型发射，不能把线型函数上的某一特定频率和某些特定原子联系起来，即每一发光原子对光谱线内任一频率都有贡献。 自然加宽、碰撞加宽和晶格振动加宽属于均匀加宽 1 自然加宽（natural broadening） 在不受外界影响时，受激原子并非永远处于激发态，会自发地向低能级跃迁，因而受激原子在激发态上具有有限的寿命。这一因素造成原子跃迁谱线的自然加宽。 在经典模型中，原子中作简谐运动的电子由于自发辐射而不断消耗能量，因而电子振动的振幅服从阻尼振动规律 其中，?0是原子作无阻尼简谐振动的频率，即原子发光的中心频率，?为阻尼系数。这种阻尼运动不再是频率为?0的单一频率（简谐）振动，而是包含有许多频率的光波，即谱线加宽了，此即形成自然加宽的原因。 对x(t)作傅立叶变换