北京邮电大学--计算机学院--离散数学-2.1--Sets.pptVIP

* With Venn diagrams, you can see that one set is a subset of another just by seeing that you can draw an enclosure around its members that fits completely inside an enclosure drawn around the larger set’s members. * Sometimes people also define “bags”, which are unordered collections in which duplicates matter. If you have a bag of coins, they are in no particular order, but it matters how many coins of each type you have. College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Yang Juan yangjuan@bupt.edu.cn College of Computer Science Technology Beijing University of Posts Telecommunications Sets * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Introduction to Set Theory A set is a new type of structure, representing an unordered collection (group, plurality) of zero or more distinct (different) objects. Set theory deals with operations between, relations among, and statements about sets. Sets are ubiquitous in computer software systems. All of mathematics can be defined in terms of some form of set theory (using predicate logic). * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Sets（集合） A set is a collection or group of objects（对象） or elements（元素） or members（成员）. (Cantor 1895) A set is said to contain（包含） its elements. There must be an underlying universal set（全集） U, either specifically stated or understood. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Notation list the elements between braces: S = {a, b, c, d}={b, c, a, d, d} (Note: listing an object more than once does not change the set. Ordering means nothing.) * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Notation specification by predicates（谓词）: S= {x| P(x)}, P(x) denote a sentence or statement P concerning the variable object x. S contains all the elements from U which make the predicate P true. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Notation brace notation with ellipses: S = { . . . , -3, -2, -1}, the negative integers. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Notation x