组合数学课件Lecture-3.pptVIP

* Comments The number of r-combinations of a multiset S equals to the number of non-negative integer solutions of the equation x1 + x2 +x3 +…+xk = r. In the case the repetition number is limited in a multiset, the problem is more complex and difficult. That will be introduced in Chapter 6. * Assignments Third Edition: 4(a), 8, 18, 31 Consider an 9-by-9 board and 9 rooks of which 5 are red and 4 are blue. Suppose you place the rooks on the board in non-attacking positions at random. What is the probability that the red rooks are in rows 1, 3, 5, 7, 9? What is the probability that the red rooks are both in rows 1,2,3,4,5 and in columns 1,2,3,4,5? Fifth Edition: 4(a), 9, 19, 38, 61 2005-2006, Hejiao Huang Module #15 - Combinatorics * Lecture 3Permutations and combinations * Summary Addition and multiplication principle Permutations of sets Combinations of sets Permutations of multi-sets Combinations of multi-sets * Addition and multiplication principles Let m be the number of ways to do task 1 and n the number of ways to do task 2 (with each number independent of how the other task is done), and assume that no way to do task 1 simultaneously also accomplishes task 2. The addition principle: The task “do either task 1 or task 2, but not both” can be done in m+n ways. The multiplication principle: The task “do both task 1 and task 2” can be done in mn ways. * Set Theoretic Version If A is the set of ways to do task 1, and B the set of ways to do task 2, and if A and B are disjoint, then: The ways to do either task 1 or 2 are A?B, and |A?B|=|A|+|B| The ways to do both task 1 and 2 can be represented as A?B, and |A?B|=|A|·|B| * Examples A student wishes to take either a mathematical course or a biology course, but not both. If there are 4 mathematics and 3 biology courses for which the student has the necessary prerequisites, then the student can choose a course to take in 4+3=7 ways. A student is to take two courses. The first meets at any one of 3 hours i