外文文献国际孤立和地区不平等.pdfVIP

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Journal of Urban Economics 103 (2018) 34–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Urban Economics journal homepage: /locate/jue International isolation and regional inequality: Evidence from sanctions on T North Korea Yong Suk Lee Stanford University, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, 616 Serra Street, Encina Hall E309, Stanford, CA 94305, United States A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T JEL classifi cation: This paper examines how the spatial distribution of economic activity evolved within North Korea during a R11 period of economic sanctions. Countries have used economic sanctions to isolate North Korea from the benefits O18 of international trade and finance. China, however, has not imposed the sanctions, and consequentially has offset F51 the trade restrictions imposed by other countries. I hypothesize three channels by which North Korea could have P20 responded in this context: regional favoritism by the ruling elites, reallocation of commerce that reflects the Keywords: trade diversion to China, and import substitution. Using nighttime lights from North Korea, I find that the capital Regional inequality city, trade hubs near China, and manufacturing

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