管理学英文原版8.pptVIP

Lesson Eight THE FOUR BASIC STEPS IN PLANNING (1) In a simplified form, the basic process of planning involves four major steps: (1) Establishing a goal or set of goals to be achieved, that is, deciding what the organization or subunit wants or needs. (2) Determining where the organization or subunit is relative to the goal. This means deciding how far the unit is from the goal, what resources it has for reaching the goal, and what its limitations are. (3) Determining which factors in the environment will help the organization or subunit reach its goal and which factors will act as barriers. This step includes predicting, or forecasting, which factors will appear in the future or how present factors will change. (4) Developing a plan, that is, a set of actions for reach the goal. This is done by generating a set of alternative courses of action, evaluating the, and then choosing among them. STEP 1 define the goal From our own experience, we know that it is often difficult to decide on the goal we want to pursue, especially when we can choose only one goal among two or more attractive alternatives. Sometimes one goal must be chosen over another because the individual or organization does not have enough resources to achieve both at the same time. STEP 2 determine the present situation No goals exist in a vacuum. A person who wants to become a corporate treasure, for example, does not decide on that goal without evaluating it in terms of his or her actual and potential abilities. * * *