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Expert Systems With Applications 97 (2018) 290–302 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Expert Systems With Applications journal homepage: /locate/eswa Biogeography-based optimization based on population competition strategy for solving the substation location problem a a b c,d,∗ Ling-Ling Li , Yan-Fang Yang , Ching-Hsin Wang , Kuo-Ping Lin a Department of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China b Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 41170, Taiwan c Department of Information Management, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33306, Taiwan d Institute of Innovation and Circular Economy, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Location planning of electrical substations is a power planning problem, in which expert knowledge is Received 17 June 2017 used to determine ideal substation locations. Using intelligent planning to help electric power experts to Revised 5 December 2017 reasonably plan the location of a substation can not only ensure the reliability of power supply, but also Accepted 21 December 2017 save on cost to a great extent. In order to improve the economics of