社会心理学家眼中的人.pptVIP

社会心理学家眼中的人 Social Psychologists and Thinking about People 社会心理学家眼中的人 Kurt Lewin (1936)： Behavior = f (social situation × individual characteristics) or B = f (PE) 社会心理学家眼中的人 Social psychologists have sometimes seen their task as understanding situations. Yet we think that understates the value of social psychology. You probably were not inspired to become a social psychologist to learn about situations. On the contrary, most people come to social psychology because they are interested in people. Social psychologists study and think endlessly about people. Experiments in social psychology test hypotheses about people. Our field has plenty to say about people. 社会心理学家眼中的人 In general, psychology involves studies of motivation and cognition, and it is possible to trace the history of psychology as a series of pendulum swings to emphasize one or another. Thus, the Wundtian introspectionist school focused on cognition. The Freudian theory emphasized motivation. The learning in animal learning can be considered to be cognitive, despite the official reluctance to acknowledge that anything inside the mind could be scientifically studied. Drive theory was, however, motivational. And so forth. 社会心理学家眼中的人 Social psychology has likewise varied in terms of espousing “hot” (motivational) and “cold” (cognitive) processes in its history. Hence several of these images of the human person lean heavily toward either cognition or motivation. If we put them all together, we are likely to get a balanced and probably fairly accurate view. 一、一致性寻求者（The Consistency Seeker） 当代社会心理学最重要的观点之一是人们积极地寻求一致性。这种观点在20世纪50年代—60年代占主要地位并影响至今。它强调动机的认知或者说是有关认知的动机。我们最终认为一致性是有关认知的，但早期强调的是人们积极努力的去实现并维持它。根据现在的标准来看，甚至认知失调理论，在一段时间里最流行的社会心理学理论，实际上也被看做是一个驱力（动机）理论而非认知的。 一、一致性寻求者（The Consistency Seeker） 作为人类众多形象中的一种，一致性寻求者一直做着他或她自己的事情，直到出现某种不一致性的状况，一种令人烦扰并导致他们尽力去重建一致性的状况。因此，情绪和动机与一致性是相互关联的。不一致性可以发生在任何地方，比如人们的行动与他们对世界的态度或者感觉之间的差别。拥有两个互相排斥的朋友这本身就是不一致性的重