第二讲：发达国家新闻传播法的历史.pptVIP

2．新闻媒介对政府和政府官员的批评 案例之3： 1908年科尔曼诉麦克伦南案 自19世纪末，美国开始改变动辄裁定为诽谤罪的做法，缓慢地朝着有利于新闻媒介的方向发展。 1908年，堪萨斯州法院在科尔曼诉麦克伦南案的裁决中认为，美国社会已经发展到允许公众对公职候选人及政府官员进行更为自由的评论，而不致使评论受到法律惩处的地步，只要报纸的出版者动机纯正，对公众尽到了道义上的责任，即使他触犯了诽谤法，也应当认为他无罪。 案例之4：国外典型案例 一则政治广告引发的新闻官司 文中并未明确提及沙利文的名字，但这则由马丁·路德德·金领衔，64位民权人士联署的政治广告Heed Their Rising Voices 还是让时任蒙哥马利市民选市政专员的沙利文很是不满。 沃伦大法官 美国上下普遍认同的一项原则是： 对于公众事务的辩论应当是毫无拘束、 富有活力和广泛公开的，它可以是针 对政府和公职官员的一些言词激烈、 语调尖刻有时甚至令人极不愉快的尖 锐抨击。” * 有布伦南大法官起草的萨利文诉纽约时报公司案联邦最高法院终审判决书原文： MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court. We are required in this case to determine for the first time the extent to which the constitutional protections for speech and press limit a States power to award damages in a libel action brought by a public official against critics of his official conduct. Respondent L. B. Sullivan is one of the three elected Commissioners of the City of Montgomery, Alabama. He testified that he was Commissioner of Public Affairs and the duties are supervision of the Police Department, Fire Department, Department of Cemetery and Department of Scales. He brought this civil libel action against the four individual petitioners, who are Negroes and Alabama clergymen, and against petitioner the New York Times Company, a New York corporation which publishes the New York Times, a daily newspaper. A jury in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County awarded him damages of $500,000, the full amount claimed, against all the petitioners, and the Supreme Court of Alabama affirmed. 273 Ala. 656, 144 So.2d 25. Respondents complaint alleged that he had been libeled by statements in a fulladvertisement that was carried in the New York Times on March 29, 1960. Entitled Heed Their Rising Voices, the advertisement began by stating that As the whole world knows by now, thousands of Southern Negro students are engaged in widespread non-violent demonstrations in positive affirmation of the right to live in human dignity as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of