(精选)Antibiotic resistance教学课件.pptVIP

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Fast breeders Bacteria reproduce very quickly Eschericia coli can complete a life cycle in 30 minutes E. Coli ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Sex in bacteria Bacteria do exchange genes forming new combinations Bacteria exchange genes is by conjugation This involves the transfer of genetic material via a cytoplasmic bridge between the two organisms This can be done between unrelated species of bacteria Recent studies on bacteria in the wild show that it definitely occurs in the soil, in freshwater and oceans and inside living organisms ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS The magic bullet Antibiotics revolutionised medicine The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 It was later isolated by Florey and Chain It was not extensively used until the 2nd World War when it was used to treat war wounds After 2nd World War many more antibiotics were developed Today about 150 types are used Most are inhibitors of the protein synthesis, blocking the 70S ribosome, which is characteristic of prokaryotes ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Resistance It took less than 20 years for, bacteria to show signs of resistance Staphylococcus aureus, which causes blood poisoning and pneumonia, started to show resistance in the 1950s Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to every form of antibiotic in use ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Multiple resistance It seems that some resistance was already naturally present in bacterial populations The presence of antibiotics in their environment in higher concentrations increased the pressure by natural selection Resistant bacteria that survived, rapidly multiplied They passed their resistant genes on to other bacteria (both disease causing pathogens and non-pathogens) ? 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Transposons Integrons Resistance genes are often associated with transposons, genes that easily move from one bacterium to another Many bacteria also possess integrons, pieces of DNA that accu