(精选)The Respiratory System教学课件.pptVIP

Expiration Passive process Inspiratory muscles relax making the thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease. Volume decreases = pressure increases (higher than atmospheric pressure), which pushes the gases out to equalize pressure. Active process in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia (uses ATP-energy). Normal pressure in pleural space (intrapleural pressure) is ALWAYS negative – prevents lungs from collapsing Homeostatic Imbalance Atelectasis – lung collapse; happens when air enters pleural space through chest wound or from a rupture of the visceral pleura Pneumothorax – presence of air in intrapleural space; disrupts fluid bond between pleurae Pneumothorax is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tubes (allows lung to reinflate) Nonrespiratory Air Movements Examples are coughs, sneezes, laughing, crying, hiccups, yawn Result from reflex activity (some voluntary) See Table on page 414 in book Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Affected by many factors – size, sex, age, and physical condition Normal quiet breathing = 500 mL of air into and out with each breath = TIDAL VOLUME (TV) INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) = amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the TV (2100-3200 mL) EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV) = amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal expiration (1200 mL) Respiratory Volumes and Capacities About 1200 mL still remains in lungs – cannot be expelled = RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV) RV allows gas exchange to continuously go on; keeps alveoli open (inflated) VITAL CAPACITY (VC) = total amount of exchangeable air (4800 mL) VC = TV + IRV + ERV ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Dead space volume = air that remains in conducting zone passageways (doesn’t reach alveoli) – about 150 mL Functional volume = air that reaches respiratory zone – about 350 mL Spirometer – measures respiratory capacities Pneumonia – inspiration problems, so IR