(精选)英语词汇学2 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary课件.pptVIP

Chapter 2 ;What is lexicology?;What Is a Word?;What is vocabulary?;Specially, Language presents itself as a hierarchy in different aspects. As is shown in the following hierarchical rank scale, language rises form morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top in terms of lexicography. (词典编纂) ;2.1 Morpheme;What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: One morpheme---nation Two morphemes---nation-al Three morphemes---nation-al-ize Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化） More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation;So we can define morpheme in this way: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. ■A morpheme is a two-facet language unit in that it possesses both sound and meaning. ;A morpheme vs. A word Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. Nor are morphemes divisible into smaller meaningful units. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit. ;2. Allomorph (形位变体，词[语]素变体）;Allomorphs（词素变体）:;ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. Verbs ending with the sound /t/ usually take –ion (as in invent, invention); verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description); verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization); verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take –sion (as in expansion, decision, omission); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc. ; Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. e.g. im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile; ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular; il- befo