RES Desalination CouplingRES淡化耦合.docVIP

European Commission Directorate-General for Energy and Transport Measure: A3 Thematic priority: TOOLS FOR PLANNING, DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF RES INTEGRATION SCHEMES Full title of the action: RENEWABLE ENERGY DRIVEN DESALINATION SYSTEMS Proposal acronym: REDDES Contract number: 4.1030/Z/01-081/2001 Deliverable: D4 RES Desalination Coupling Schemes: A technological database Submitted by: REGIONAL ENERGY AGENCY OF DODECANESE  Table of contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Thermal processes 8 2.1. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) 9 2.2. Multi Effect Distillation 11 2.3. Vapor Compression Distillation (VC) 12 2.4. Solar distillation 13 3. Membrane Processes 14 3.1. Reverse Osmosis (RO) 14 3.2. Electrodialysis (ED) 16 3.3. Other processes 18 4. Thermodynamics of and energy requirements of desalination 18 4.1. Thermodynamics of Thermal processes 19 4.1.1. MED and MFD processes 19 4.1.2. Vapour compression 20 4.2. Thermodynamics of Membrane processes 21 4.2.1. Reverse osmosis 21 4.3. Energy requirements 22 5. Cost analysis, technology comparison and selection of desalination process 24 6. Renewable energy sources 29 6.1. Solar energy (PV) 29 6.1.1. Overview 29 6.1.2. Modelling of solar energy 31 6.1.3. Cost of photovoltaic electricity 31 6.2. Wind energy 33 6.2.1. Overview 33 6.2.2. Modelling of wind energy 33 6.2.3. Cost of wind energy 35 6.3. Geothermal energy 38 6.3.1. Overview 38 6.3.2. Cost of geothermal energy 39 7. Coupling of Desalination with Renewable Energy Sources 44 7.1. Solar Thermal-Distillation Processes 45 7.2. Solar PV - RO or ED 46 7.3. Wind-RO/ED/VC 46 7.4. Geothermal-Distillation processes (MED MSF) 47 7.5. Selection of technologies 47 8. Existing RES Desalination units 52 8.1. Wind 52 8.2. Solar thermal energy and distillation plant 53 8.3. Solar photovoltaics and reverse osmosis or electrodialysis 54 8.4. Geothermal energy and distillation processes 54 9. References 56 Introduction Desalination is a treatment process that removes salts from water