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计算机组织结构chap2.ppt

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计算机组织结构chap2

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance Generations of Computer Vacuum tube -- 1946-1957 1 Transistor -- 1958-1964 2 Small, medium scale integration – 1965-1971 3 – IC 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration -- 1972-1977 4 – LSI 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration -- 1978-1991 5 – VLSI 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration – 1991- 6 – ULSI Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip 1st computer – generation I University of Pennsylvania 18,000 vacuum tubes Decimal (not binary) Finished 1946 von Neumann/Turing ? Main memory storing programs and data – 1st CPU interpreting instructions from memory and executing. i.e. fetch instruction from memory execute instruction in CPU binary system Structure of von Neumann machine IBM 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer Scientific calculations 1955 - the 702 Business applications 700 series NJU 103 from Soviet Union vacuum tubes 30 per second memory 4096 32 bits/word 1959, first running computer in universities one room in North building Transistors – generation II 1958 Discrete components transistor, resistor, capacitor on circuit boards IBM 7000 DEC Produced PDP-1 Integrated Circuit – generation III… 1965 IC (Microelectronics) transistor, resistor, capacitor on a chip silicon wafer (硅晶片) Two fundamental types of components (P24) Gate for processing Memory cell for storage (P141) Moore’s Law Increased density of components on chip Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970’s development has slowed a little Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Higher packing density ? shorter electrical paths, Smaller size ? flexibility Cost of chip ? unchanged Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel IBM 360 series Multiplexed switch structure (Fig.2.5, P2 3) DEC PDP-8 First minicomputer BUS structure DEC - PDP-8 Bus S