L1introduction幻灯片.pptVIP

Linguistics and mental entities Words and concepts word meaning as mental image words as signs of concepts, labels for concepts concepts might be figures, images, models etc concepts include perceptual and functional information Miller Johnson-Lairds concept: Sounds and phonemes phonemes as psychologically real entities abstract phoneme /p/ versus positionally variant allophones: aspirated [ph] word-initial, as in pill preglottalized [?p] word-final, as in lip unaspirated [p-] after initial s, as in spill these allophones are predictable variants they dont distinguish meanings ability to distinguish meanings defines phonemes hence: minimal pair test pill - bill but experiments show: words are recognized faster than phonemes we recognize the letter b and the sound /b/ faster in the word bat than in isolation Why? words are more salient than phonemes suprasegmental features are also psychologically salient intonation distinguishes statements and questions Sallys here. versus Sallys here? stress focuses on any constituent in questions Sally gave the new car to Judy today? can question whether it was Sally (not Suzy), whether she gave (not loaned) the car, whether it was the new (not the old) car etc other salient suprasegmentals are volume and speed, they signal speaker attitudes and emotional states. Sentences and propositions sentences as grammatical representations of underlying meaning in the form of (logical) propositions ? propositions in language of thought clarify (logical) relations between words and sentences, represent entailments, inferences etc versus ? sentences following the rules of some natural language grammar rules transform underlying meanings into grammatical sentences of natural language so a single underlying logical proposition has multiple possible representations in any given natural language, e.g. the cat is on the mat, the cat is on top of the mat the mat is under the cat, the mat is beneath the cat etc But where woul