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CHAPTER 9 THE PROPENSITY TO CONSUME: II THE SUBJECTIVE FACTORS 第九章 消费倾向：II. 主观因素 I THERE remains the second category of factors which affect the amount of consumption out of a given income --namely, those subjective and social incentives which determine how much is spent, given the aggregate of income in terms of wage-units and given the relevant objective factors which we have already discussed. Since, however, the analysis of these factors raises no point of novelty, it may be sufficient if we give a catalogue of the more important, without enlarging on them at any length. 仍然存在着第二类对既定收入中的消费量发生影响的因素是：在既定的以工资单位为衡量的总收入和既定的我们已讨论过的客观条件下，决定消费支出为多少的主观的和社会的因素。然而，由于对这些因素的分析不会引出什么新颖的观点，因此，不用更长的篇幅加以讨论，而只列出其中比较重要的因素就已经足够了。 There are, in general, eight main motives or objects of a subjective character which lead individuals to refrain from spending out of their incomes: 一般来说，存在八个具有主观性的、抑制个人将收入用于消费的主要动机或目标。 (i) To build up a reserve against unforeseen contingencies; （1）为预备未能预见的或有费用而建立一笔储备金； (ii) To provide for an anticipated future relation between the income and the needs of the individual or his family different from that which exists in the present, as, for example, in relation to old age, family education, or the maintenance of dependents; （2）为了个人或其家庭能预料到的将来在收入和需要之间关系的改变而提供储备。例如，为了养老、家庭成员的教育或抚养无自立能力的人； (iii) To enjoy interest and appreciation, i.e. because a larger real consumption at a later date is preferred to a smaller immediate consumption; （3）为了获得利息和财产增值，即：因为以后较大量的消费被认为是优于现在较小量的消费； (iv) To enjoy a gradually increasing expenditure, since it gratifies a common instinct to look forward to a gradually improving standard of life rather than the contrary, even though the capacity for enjoyment may be diminishing; （4）为了取得能逐渐增加的生活开支，因为人们普遍有一种本能希望生活水平逐渐得到改善，而不是逐渐下降，尽管享受的能力可能会降低； (v) To enjoy a sense of independence and the power to do things, though without a clear idea or definite intention of specific action; （5）为了取得一种独立生活的意识和作出事业的力量，虽然对具体行动并没有明