现代英语词汇学概论chapter2.pptVIP

* MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS Chapter Two * Content 2.1 Morphemes 2.2 Allomorphs 2.3 Classifications of morphemes * Morphological structure of the word The internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed. A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. * 2.1 Morphemes The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things. A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning. One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize * An allomorph (词/语素变体) any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Different forms of the same morpheme. (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.) caps, classes : ※-s (plural) -ion, -tion, -ation, -sion positional allomorphs of the same suffix 动词过去时态变化 –ed, -ied 2.2 Allomorphs * 2.3 Classifications of morphemes In general, there are two main types of classification of morphemes Free morphemes and bound morphemes Roots and affixes * 2.3.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, i.e., free roots(自由词根). A free morpheme is a word, in traditional sense. E.g.: earth, wind, boy, bite, etc * Bound morphemes A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. Inflectional elemen