[农学]数量遗传学课件.ppt

Chapter 2 Changes of gene frequency Changes of gene frequency in large populations Migration Mutation Selection Complete dominance of A1, selection against A2 Selection Selection Selection Balance between mutation and selection Polymorphism Definition: if the frequency of the most popular allele at a locus 0.99 Measure of genetic variation due to polymorphic loci Heterozygosity single locus: frequency of heterozygote, H multiple loci: mean frequency of heterozygotes Proportion of polymorphic loci among those tested Polymorphic information content (PIC) Polymorphism Reasons ? Heterozygote advantage ? Frequency-dependent selection ? Heterogeneous environment ? Transition ? Neutral mutation Change of gene frequency in small populations - The idealized population Random drift (genetic draft) Random change of gene frequency from generation to generations Occurring in small populations Arising from the random sampling of gametes Idealized population Divide a large population of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (base population) into a large number of sub-populations (lines) , each with size N and meets the following conditions: No migration between lines, no selection and mutation within each lines No overlap of generations Same number of breeding individuals in all lines and all generations Same number of breeding males and females within each line Random mating (including self-fertilization) within each line Idealized population Change of gene frequencies(variance of gene frequency) Consider a single locus with two alleles A1 and A2 The frequency of A2 in the base population is q0 In generation one, the 2N genes in each line are a random sample of genes in the base population. The frequency of A2 in generation one follows binomial distribution Change of gene frequencies(variance) Generation t: Change of gene frequencies Properties of random drift Has No Direction Is Cumulative Strength is Proportional to 1/2N Leads to Loss (and F