不定式做定语.doc

感悟动词不定式做定语 河北南宫中学 王祥领 教科处主任 中学高级教师 邮编 055750 电话 英语学习中，动词不定式做定语的现象屡见不鲜。对这一现象细细品味，我们可以发现其中的一些规律。笔者现就日常教学和近年高考试题中遇到的不定式做定语现象感悟如下。 动词不定式做定语有主动式和被动式之分。一般来讲，不定式和被修饰词二者之间的逻辑关系决定了不定式的语态形式。一方面，被修饰词和不定式之间存在逻辑主谓关系，通常用主动式不定式。如 ⑴ He becomes the first rider ever to win the race three times. ( NMET2006 全国卷阅读文B ) ⑵ He was the first person to think of the idea. (《奔腾英语语法》P75 ) 另一方面，不定式和被修饰词之间存在逻辑动宾关系（即被修饰词是不定式所示动作的承受者），通常用被动式不定式。如 ⑶The problem to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is how to deal with the old building. (《中学生英语读写》高考版 2005.1.) ⑷ He is not a man to be trusted.(《简明英汉词典》商务印书馆 P1074) ⑸ Finally I found a person to be relied on. 然而，除上述一般情形外，我们还会遇到许多特殊情况。 1．不定式和被修饰词之间虽然存在逻辑动宾关系但不定式用主动式和被动式都可以，其含义却有所不同。试比较⑹和⑺、⑻和⑼两组句子。 ⑹ Have you anything to send ? 你有东西要寄吗？（不定式动作的执行者是主语you ）⑺ Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或他人）寄的东西吗？（不定式动作的执行者不是主语you，而是说话背景所表明的me或someone else）⑻ There is nothing to do.无事可做。 ⑼ There is nothing to be done.毫无办法。 在日常学习中，不定式动作执行者就是句子主语本身，用主动式不定式做定语的情况司空见惯。又如 ⑽ (She...)had nothing else to read.(NMET2006全国卷阅读文A) ⑾ I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s in case I have to wait.(NMET2005.9.) 有时，句中做定语的不定式的逻辑主语并不是句子的主语，却也用主动式不定式。如 ⑿ Give me some paper to write on.给我一些纸写字。 （薄冰《高级英语语法》P291）⒀ It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的球赛。（薄冰《高级英语语法》P291）⑻句。又如 ⑿ There was so much to explain and to introduce.(NMET2006全国卷阅读文C) 2.不定式和被修饰词之间存在逻辑动状关系（即动词和状语的关系），不定式常用主动式做定语。 ⒀ He had no money and no place to live.(《奔腾英语语法》P76 ) ⒁ I hope you can see your way (clear)to settle the matter.(《新英汉词典》P1595) ⒂ Winning a scholarship gave him the chance to go to college in one of the northern states,… (《SEFC Student’s Book2B》 Unit14) ⒃ …and black people had no right to vote in the southern states. ( 《SEFC Student’s Book2B》 Unit14) 3.不定式和被修饰词之间存在逻辑同位关系，不定式做定语用主动式和被动式均可，但意义有别。 ⒄ Have you heard the news to win the football match? ⒅ Our wish to go to college will surely be realized. ⒆ The feelings to be defeated are g